6, 31293140. 101, 261265. Plant 43, 304317. However, selecting for high phenolic varieties is likely to induce many other side changes altering agronomic performance. Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. doi: 10.1002/ps.1732. This method consists in heating the soil through sun energy achieving temperatures above 45C, by covering a wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 48 weeks during the warmest season (Katan, 1981; Mauro et al., 2015). Although host phloem supplies the majority of nutrients including minerals, open xylem connections developed at the host-parasite interface allow additional mineral and water flow toward the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009; Westwood, 2013). Weed Sci. Biol. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1996). Solute fluxes from tobacco to the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua and the influence of infection on host carbon and nitrogen relations. However, it is a long-term strategy due to the long viability of seed bank (Rubiales et al., 2009b), which requires at least a nine-course rotation in order to prevent broomrape seed bank increases (Grenz et al., 2005). doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114453, Yang, Z., Wafula, E. K., Honaas, L. A., Zhang, H., Das, M., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., et al. Plant Growth Regul. However, hyphae of specific pathogens are able to penetrate the seed coat of broomrape dormant seeds, dissolving the endosperm cell walls and metabolizing the cytoplasm. 1), 3437. Long term dry preservation of active mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms. Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. A. C. Verkleij, and S. C. ter Borg (Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute), 146156. This strategy to abort broomrape invasion requires regulating the toxin production with promoters specifically induced around the site of Orobanche penetration such as the HMG2 promoter, ensuring correct delivery of the toxic effect to the broomrape penetrating seedling and overall low concentration of the toxin in the rhizosphere. 35, 445452. Biological control of Orobanche spp. Polyphenols, including the new peapolyphenols AC, from root exudates stimulate Orobanche foetida seed germination. Its efficacy for broomrape cultural control can be increased if the farmer includes trap and/or catch crops as components in the rotation (Rubiales et al., 2009b). Some compatible Rhizobium leguminosarum strains in peas decrease infections when parasitized by Orobanche crenata. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.012, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yoneyama, K., and Rubiales, D. (2011). The chemical characteristics of the barriers of resistance to broomrape penetration have been extensively studied in Fabaceae crops (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009) and are reviewed in this article in Section Resistant Crops to Broomrape Invasion.. Broomrapes counteract the high risk of failure in establishment on a host with highly evolved mechanisms of survival. On the contrary, they must be highly susceptible, as the farmer is the one with the role of stopping the parasitic process by harvesting the catch crop as a green vegetable before the parasite emerges. In recent years, a new, aggressive race designated as race F (called biotype D in Russia) has . Expression of sarcotoxin IA gene via a root-specific tob promoter enhanced host resistance against parasitic weeds in tomato plants. 21, 5561. Available at: www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Van Delft, G. J., Graves, J. D., Fitter, A. H., and Van Ast, A. Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., and Cohen, Y. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr261, Joel, D. M., Chaudhuri, S. K., Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Steffens, J. C. (2011). 62, 70637071. Promotion of suicidal germination is the technique used to induce broomrape germination with synthetic molecules in the absence of a host to which broomrape can attach, a technique lethal for the parasite as the broomrape seedling is unable to acquire autotrophy. 81, 779781. An important piece of this research is identifying the best time to apply an herbicide to slow down the broomrape with a minimum of damage to the tomatoes. 53, 107117. These connections are probably developed from simultaneous differentiation of adjacent host and parasite cells to xylem elements (Drr, 1997). Among the amino acids producing the highest and most consistent inhibitory effects on broomrape germination and radicle elongation, some, such as methionine are being produced in large commercial scale as animal feed supplements. Plant Pathol. Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. As the broomrape seeds are long-lived and difficult to detect, infested fields are usually quarantined to prevent further spread. (2007). The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). Weed Res. Once a field is infested, controlling the broomrape seed bank is very difficult due to its high resilience. Additional mechanisms that could contribute to the selective action of host-derived strigolactones in broomrape germination could be (1) variations of molecular structure between host-derived and parasite-encoded strigolactones conferring different specificity for different biological functions or (2) different spatial localization inside the broomrape seed for functions of strigolactone detection and strigolactone synthesis (Das et al., 2015). Phainopepla - the mistletoe bird. The evolution from autotrophic to heterotrophic mode of nutrition carried a reduction of the main broomrape vegetative organs toward vestigial versions, non-functional for autotrophy. 6, 143. Crop Prot. Signalling organogenesis in parasitic angiosperms: xenognosin generation, perception, and response. See this image and copyright information in PMC. "Broomrape is easily spread by equipment, boots and water," he said. Phytopathol. consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01932.x, Barkman, T. J., McNeal, J. R., Lim, S. H., Coat, G., Croom, H. B., Young, N. D., et al. (2005). Soc. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr031, Nandula, V. K., Foster, J. G., and Foy, C. L. (2000). Technologies for smart chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0563, Louarn, J., Carbonne, F., Delavault, P., Becard, G., and Rochange, S. (2012). Joel, D. M., Back, A., Kleifeld, Y., and Gepstein, S. (1991). (2008). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Kusumoto, D., Goldwasser, Y., Xie, X., Yoneyama, K., and Takeuchi, Y. Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca with sulfonylurea herbicides in tomatopolyethylene bag studies, in International Parasitic Weed Symposium, eds A. Fer, P. Thalouarn, D. M. Joel, C. Musselman, and J. Variability of interactions between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) genotypes and Orobanche species. Pest Manag. Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. This treatment in the lab mimics the soil conditions in climatically suitable regions for broomrape such as Mediterranean non-irrigated agrosystems where the onset of warm and wet season coincides with the growth of juvenile stages of many annual crops (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007). (2007). In broomrape species, the chemistry of host recognition for haustorium initiation remains uncharacterized. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erv119, Lechat, M. M., Pouvreau, J. Biol. Broomrape species display high diversity with regard to their host range. doi: 10.1560/Q3BA-8BJW-W7GH-XHPX, Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yang, Z. Nat. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. The Broomrape takes its food, nutrients, and water from the roots of the Bursage which weakens the Bursage. J. Bot. The significance of this structure in broomrape parasitism requires further investigation. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. resistance available for faba bean breeding. It cost around $6,000 an acre.. doi: 10.1021/jf991145w, Panetta, F. D., and Lawes, R. (2005). Mol. Use of other soil sterilants such as metham sodium, dazomet, and 1,3-dichloropropene have shown different degrees of efficacy but their high cost, complex application and negative environmental effects have prevented their widespread use by farmers (Foy et al., 1989; Goldwasser et al., 1995; Hershenhorn et al., 2009) or conducted to the withdrawal of authorization, at least in some countries. doi: 10.1007/s10658-004-2814-8. 103, 423431. This approach is based on the selection of naturally occurring mutants that overproduce and excrete an enhanced amount of specific amino acid with broomrape inhibition properties on seed germination and radicle growth (Vurro et al., 2006; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Increasing control reliability of Orobanche cumana through integration of a biocontrol agent with a resistance-inducing chemical. doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1, Zehhar, N., Ingouff, M., Bouya, D., and Fer, A. In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). doi: 10.1093/jxb/err246, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Sillero, J. C., and Rubiales, D. (2007). doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01273.x, Seo, M., Nambara, E., Choi, G., and Yamaguchi, S. (2009). Cala, A., Rial, C., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Molinillo, J. M. G., Varela, R. M., Rubiales, D., et al. Water relations, in Parasitic Plants, eds M. C. Press and J. Graves (London: Chapman and Hall), 125140. Annu. Front. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). Thidiazuron stimulates germination and ethylene production in Striga hermonthica comparison with the effects of GR24, ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. doi: 10.1038/nature07272, USEPA (2004). (2012). Eradication of Orobanche/Phelipanche spp. broomrape and bursage relationship. Marker-assisted and physiology-based breeding for resistance to root parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 369391. The use of those amino acids as pesticide is classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as innocuous to public and environment health (USEPA, 2004). 54, 923927. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.004 They have been traditionally considered the exception in parasitic Orobanchaceae that do not require host factors for haustorium initiation (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). 65, 581587. Symbiosis 15, 6170. Striga hermonthica MAX2 restores branching but not the very low fluence response in the Arabidopsis thaliana MAX2 mutant. 49, 822. (1999). You could plant non-host crops for 20 years, but then when you plant tomatoes, branched broomrape could emerge again, Hanson said. 202, 531541. (2008). These thumbnail pictures have links to larger photographs and . 33, 787793. 139, 194198. Bot. seed germination. It has no root cap and does not develop procambium or conductive tissues (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients List 4b. Maintenance of relative low levels of those amino acids in tubercles either by low levels of synthetase activities (McNally et al., 1983) and or their rapid turnover of host-derived amino acids, establishes a decreasing concentration gradient that favors the unloading of amino acids into the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009). Opin. Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. Disclaimer. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Rev. Researchers are conducting the germination studies to develop a model for the right application time in the UC Davis Contained Research Facility, which is designed to prevent escape of the weed. Haustorial connection of broomrape with the root of a weed host In south Texas, broomrape seed germination occurs from December to February. 88, 859868. Plant 51, 391394. Systemic translocation of nanoencapsulated herbicides could improve this herbicidal approach (Prez-de-Luque and Rubiales, 2009). Ecological aspects of nitrogen assimilation. doi: 10.1021/jf904247k, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Melck, D. (2011). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01807.x, Atsatt, P. R. (1977). Biological control of broomrape is based on the use of living organisms either by killing seed bank or interfering with its host-recognition ability. Although some examples of successful control do exist for some crops, the majority of commercially available control methods are either not fully effective or not applicable to many of the affected crops, especially in the case of low-input crops (Joel, 2000). Inhibition of Orobanche crenata seed germination and radicle growth by allelochemicals identified in cereals. Plant Microbe Interact. Sauerborn (1991) estimated that 16 million ha in Mediterranean and West Asia regions risked being infested. Nature 455, 189194. During the grafting between host and parasite, broomrape assumes the role of a root, orientating vascular tissues from the host shoot into itself (Bar-Nun et al., 2008). 21, 533537. doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.142, Fernandez, J., and Ingber, D. (2013). Gain of host sensitivity in broomrape seeds at the end of the conditioning phase is mediated by demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter. 53, 1927. 25, 402411. 44, 284289. not been previously reported. Abu-Irmaileh, B. E. (1994). Biol. The consequent reduced flux of water and nutrients toward the parasite, low utilization of host-derived sucrose and lower levels of soluble proteins limits the parasitic sink strength and yield losses due to broomrape parasitism (Abbes et al., 2009). Orobanche aegyptiaca control in tomato fields with sulfonylurea herbicides. 28 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Specialized Mechanisms in Broomrape Weeds for a Parasitic Mode of Life, Control Strategies Targeting Underground Broomrape Stages, http://www.terresinovia.fr/orobanche/carte.php, www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Few days after host vascular connection, the part of the broomrape seedling that remains outside the host root develops into a storage organ called tubercle. doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0600-5, Yoneyama, K., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Sekimoto, H. (2007b). Bot. (1995). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1976.tb00406.x, Katan, J. Special interest arises from those metabolites with a favorable pattern of broomrape-specific effect (e.g., tenuazonic acid) and no described side-effect to other biosystems (Vurro et al., 2009). (2013). A better understanding in the roles of major hormones in the process of broomrape germination would facilitate the design of feasible control strategies based on either inhibition of broomrape germination during crop cultivation or promotion of suicidal germination in the absence of the crop. doi: 10.1002/ps.1716. doi: 10.2134/agronj2009.0014. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3180.1998.00105.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., and Scholes, J. D. (1998). The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. (1995). 54, 144149. doi: 10.1016/S0044-328X(83)80047-6. Please also list any non-financial associations or . Revisiting strategies for reducing the seedbank of Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. 23, 44544466. Synthetic analogs of growth regulators can be successfully used to reduce parasitism by hampering the synchronization of the parasitic seed bank with the growth of the host. Lack of knowledge in the molecular regulation of the host-parasite interaction during crop invasion has impeded the development of varieties carrying transgenes with capacity to inhibit broomrape penetration. Besides the demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter required for host-dependent PrCYP707A1 expression, the high levels of global DNA demethylation observed at the end of conditioning period suggest that the epigenetic process occurring during the conditioning phase may be targeting other unknown molecules during conditioning. In return they develop haustoria to feed off other plants (Kuijt, 1969; Musselman and Dickison, 1975). The timing of germination is the most crucial event that obligated parasitic plants face along their life cycle (Figure 2C). doi: 10.1002/adfm.201300053, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Evidente, A., Prez-de-Luque, A., and Rubiales, D. (2008a). Evaluation of amino acids as turfgrass nematicides. Orobanche; Phelipanche; germination; haustorium; integrated pest management; parasitism; plant recognition; seed bank. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.06.009. Elicitation of defense related enzymes and resistance by L-methionine in pearl millet against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola. 168, 294297. Beechdrops ranges from New Brunswick west to Ontario and Missouri and south to the Gulf of Mexico. 31, 2730. Plant Pathol. Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) Cell wall-degrading enzyme in Orobanche aegyptiaca and its host Brassica campestris. Bot. broomrape and bursage relationship. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Rhizobium leguminosarum induces defense mechanisms based on elevated induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway conferring mechanical and chemical barriers to the parasite penetration (Mabrouk et al., 2007a,b,c, 2010). The haustorium is the key feature of plant parasitism which has evolved independently at least 11 times in angiosperms (Barkman et al., 2007; Westwood et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). Hanson and fellow researchers UC Davis assistant professor Mohsen Mesgaran and graduate student Matthew Fatino discussed their progress toward a management strategy during the 63rd annual Weed Day on the Davis campus. Weed Sci. The plants begin to appear aboveground in February, but the majority of emergence occurs during March and April. Plakhine, D., Eizenberg, H., Hershenhorn, J., Goldwasser, Y., and Kleifeld, Y. Four broomrape features define the post-attachment herbicidal strategy in comparison with non-parasitic weeds. The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). 32, 767790. This study evaluated the relationship between small broomrape devel-opment and temperature with red clover as a host plant. Haustorium initiation and early development, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, L. J. Musselman, and J. Gressel (Berlin: Springer), 6174. Mohamed, K. I., Papes, M., Williams, R., Benz, B. W., and Peterson, A. T. (2006). 18, 643649. Parasitic plants eavesdrop the plant-to-symbiont communication to sense their hosts and germinate (Xie et al., 2010). Mutualism This is a win-win relationship Both organisms . Mediterr. Glutamine synthetase isozymes of Striga hermonthica and other angiosperm root parasites. However, instability of this compound, particularly at pH > 7.5, and lack of optimal formulations rendered this technique not applicable (Saghir, 1986; Babiker et al., 1987, 1988). a close related parasitic weed genus, but these hormones are ineffective in promoting germination of broomrape weeds (Lieberman, 1979; Logan and Stewart, 1995; Berner et al., 1999; Joel, 2000; Toh et al., 2012). (1999). 62, 1048510492. Botany 88, 839849. 37, 3751. (2006). Agron. J. Nematol. Phytochemistry 109, 5765. Israeli researchers developed a temperature/moisture model for application of low rates of an ALS inhibitor on processing tomatoes. 4 - Iowa State University check engine light on and off Serotinous species in North American deserts have evolved similar seed retention syndromes as . It produces a large number of tiny seeds and many of them are long-lived.. Those mechanisms kill the broomrape either by inducing toxic effects or by starving the parasite. J. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049273. Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, Acharya, B. D., Khattri, B. G., Chettri, M. K., and Srivastava, X. Euphytica 186, 897905. Nitrate is not toxic to broomrape as it lacks the ability to convert nitrate into ammonium (van Hezewijk and Verkleij, 1996). The development of mycoherbicides for the management of parasitic weeds of the genus Striga and Orobanchea review and recent results, in Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, ed. J. Evol. Often secondary infections by fungi cause early death of broomrape shoots or limit the development of flowers and ovules (Klein and Kroschel, 2002). If this effect is confirmed, L-methionine use to elicit resistance to broomrape in susceptible crops could be a straightforward strategy either by direct applications of this amino acid in the soil as explained in Section Control Strategies Targeting Host Penetration or delivered by overproducing and excreting microorganisms as explained in Section Strategies to Control Underground Broomrapes Acting after Establishment.. doi: 10.1560/ETEL-C34X-Y6MG-YT0M, Veronesi, C., Bonnin, E., Calvez, S., Thalouarn, P., and Simier, P. (2007). 11, 240246. 60, 641650. The damage induced in the crop by broomrape parasitism differs for each broomrape-host association. Weed Sci. Hot air temperature and clear skies are required during the solarization period. Sholmer-Ilan, A. Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00241.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A. (1993). Figure 1. doi: 10.1006/bcon.1999.0718, Bhattacharya, C., Bonfante, P., Deagostino, A., Kapulnik, Y., Larini, P., Occhiato, E. G., et al. De Candolle, A. P. (1813). Biological traits in broomrape such as achlorophyllous nature, underground parasitism, the physical connection and growth synchronization with the crop, and the exclusive uptake of resources via crop vascular system rather than from the soil make broomrape control a challenging agricultural task. Prez-de-Luque, A., Fondevilla, S., Prez-Vich, B., Aly, R., Thoiron, S., Simier, P., et al. Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). The majority of broomrape species are botanical wonders parasitizing wild host plants in natural ecosystems. Pectin methylesterase in calli and germinating seeds of Orobanche aegyptiaca. Weed Res. Urea has no detrimental effects in plants but it is toxic to broomrape pre-attached stages probably exercised via ammonium after broomrape urease hydrolyses urea into ammonium. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Kisugi, T., Xie, X., Rubiales, D., and Yoneyama, K. (2014). 25, 375387. doi: 10.1007/s11627-007-9054-5, Aly, R., Plakhin, D., and Achdari, G. (2006). One plant can produce over 100,000 seeds only 0.3 millimeters long. The short version of the story is that "broomrape" is the partially translated 16th-century name of a genus of plants, Genista: European plants called brooms. Besides arginine and aspartate, other major forms of amino acids translocate from the host phloem but they are rapidly utilized by broomrape. Its high cost per surface unit makes this method not readily applicable at large scale (Joel, 2000). Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00462.x, Hiraoka, Y., Ueda, H., and Sugimoto, Y. Weed Res. Control 2, 291296. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 2123. Nutrient effects on parasitism and germination of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca). eCollection 2021 Sep 13. Role of the sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 gene in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). This allows the creosote seedling to establish itself and it will soon outgrow the bursage. hellofresh stock concentrate packets. It is a prolific seed producer. Biol. How do nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies affect strigolactone production and exudation? Biol. Intercropping with cereals reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes.