naive scientist vs cognitive miser

How does a "flawed scientist" reason? << Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. >> /CS /DeviceRGB Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. 1,000 & 12,000 -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. 20 0 obj How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. -2008 first black president central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. Introducing Cram Folders! /F1 21 0 R /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R >> 2011 . -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Tabs /S 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R >> where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. >> /Type /Page -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. The cognitive miser and focal bias . [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? >> -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. What percentage showed complete compliance? 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. /Author (Fiske) Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. certain conditions. /Parent 2 0 R /Tabs /S 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 /Name /F2 In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. What is the best treatment for groupthink? 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. /Contents 36 0 R Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. << << /Resources << But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. . First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. /S /Transparency -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies 15 0 obj /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Which is viewed as more homogeneous? 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R >> >> >> 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R /GS8 28 0 R 20 . /CS /DeviceRGB What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. /Workbook /Document /Tabs /S Olivier . %PDF-1.4 Cognitive miser - Oxford Reference When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? /Font << Naive scientist b. Jonathan A. . On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one /GS8 28 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. membership. by Emma2201, the degree to which something is extreme) is /ExtGState << Stolz . /F4 24 0 R >> /Parent 2 0 R Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! /StructParents 1 /StructParents 8 (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. Pennycook . Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. [39][originalresearch? heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. /ExtGState << things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . /GS7 27 0 R /Type /Group -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /Parent 2 0 R [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /LastChar 239 social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). >> /F1 21 0 R What is diffusion of responsibility? /Subtype /TrueType /Parent 2 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. If not, give a counterexample. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. What factors affect obedience? /RoleMap 18 0 R 23417270. free . Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. endobj /Contents 44 0 R The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Footer /Sect Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. % The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. Multiple Choice Quizzes | Online Resources - SAGE Publications Inc Under what conditions are people most likely to help? /Chart /Sect * Naive scientist (Psychology) - Definition - Lexicon & Encyclopedia - MiMi ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 >> [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. Everything you always wanted to know. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. % [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. /Group << /F1 21 0 R How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. [9][pageneeded]. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Rational and Irrational Thought: The Thinking That IQ Tests Miss /BM /Normal >> 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] << /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) /F3 23 0 R /GS7 27 0 R -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did >> You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . /GS7 27 0 R Introducing Cram Folders! How does the brain respond to social rejection? For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /Resources << What is obedience? July 2015 . -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue What is deindividuation? -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. endobj [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic /StructParents 12 [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others On what dimensions do cultures differ? 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] What Is Cognitive Miser? | Ifioque.com /Resources << When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /Contents 45 0 R According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. -Examples: sports events. /BaseFont /Times-Roman /ParentTree 19 0 R What is the dual process model of persuasion? -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. What is in-group bias? endobj >> Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /Resources << Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. >> /Parent 2 0 R /Tabs /S Add to folder /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F2 22 0 R The cognitive miser . /CS /DeviceRGB 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R >> >> naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. a. Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? >> A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. What is a meta-analysis? -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . 3,000 & 10,000 \\ z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U >> 2 . >> /Count 13 Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be 29 0 obj It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. /Group << /S /Transparency /Name /F3 Explain the significance of /Type /Group -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. >> 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . /StructParents 9 What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? -In group: (us) This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. endobj endobj >> What are its real world consequences? << Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. /LastChar 116 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 13 0 obj /Type /Font 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /ExtGState << endobj -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. based on similarity. /GS8 28 0 R [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /Resources << [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. That's it. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] >> /Textbox /Sect ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. >> 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. They argue that people start the process of impression formation by [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. /Annotation /Sect 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . /Encoding /Identity-H [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. /Tabs /S [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Describe his findings. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. /Type /Font [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /S /Part -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. /S /Transparency What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /F4 24 0 R schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. 5 0 obj In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Font << /FontDescriptor 365 0 R Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R /ExtGState << /Group << >> Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /Parent 2 0 R Please select the correct language below. The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). We'll bring you back here when you are done. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. Heuristics are one way that we save resources. /F5 25 0 R >> /F4 24 0 R basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. /Type /Page The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /F1 21 0 R >> /StructParents 11 /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) Week 3 Social Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houd . Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects.