Practically all animals are range-fed. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. <i>Objective</i>. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration
Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. . In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. <i>Results . About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. Agriculture. D. espite the countr. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Official websites use .gov In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Washington, DC 20230. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. 3. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. <i>Methods</i>. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . . Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. Agriculture. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. "National Statistical Abstract. Productivity and technology. Download. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Section D. The Blue Nile River. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. Jorge Morales Pedraza. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . [7] The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Agriculture >. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. will supply the domestic market. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Agricultural products account for . Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Wubne, Mulatu. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations.
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